Evolutionary loss of traits is common over evolutionary time and occurs in diverse taxa.Sexual signals and other non-signal traits should differ in their likelihood of becoming lost because they experience different selection pressures contributing to their diminution or persistence.In particular, conspicuous sexual signals are often exploited by n
This study is based on the numbering system and way of counting of the Mapuche people.The need to quantify made these people create their own Rakin (count), making the path to a perfect decimal numbering system that has been passed down orally from generation to generation.In this way, this system has no pouch symbols to represent numbers.The Rakin
Antibiotics are used for disease therapeutic or preventative effects in humans and animals, as well as for enhanced feed conversion efficiency in livestock.Antibiotics can also cause undesirable effects in microbial populations, including selection for antibiotic resistance, enhanced pathogen pouch invasion, and stimulation of horizontal gene trans
Treatment for diabetes includes anti-diabetic medication in addition to lifestyle improvements through diet and exercise.In Japan, protocol-based pharmacotherapy management allows drug treatment to be provided through cooperation between physicians and pharmacists, based on a protocol that is prepared and agreed upon in advance.However, there are n
Cliffs support rare, endemic, and glacial relict vegetation that may differ from vegetation in surrounding forests.Yet, cliffs are difficult to sample, and rock-dwelling lichens can be challenging to identify; therefore, cliff lichens are often excluded from biodiversity studies.This omission creates fundamental gaps in our understanding of cliff l